ABSTRACT
1. Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile--more difficult
than ever. The New England journal of medicine. 2008;359(18):1932-40. doi:
10.1056/NEJMra0707500. PubMed PMID: 18971494.
2. Bagdasarian N, Rao K,
Malani PN. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile in adults: a
systematic review. Jama. 2015;313(4):398-408. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.17103.
PubMed PMID: 25626036.
3. Mikamo H, Tateda K,
Yanagihara K, Kusachi S, Takesue Y, Miki T, et al. Efficacy and safety of
fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile
infection in a randomized, double-blind, comparative Phase III study in Japan.
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society
of Chemotherapy. 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.05.010. PubMed PMID: 29934056.
4. Johnson S. Recurrent
Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and
outcomes. The Journal of infection. 2009;58(6):403-10. doi:
10.1016/j.jinf.2009.03.010. PubMed PMID: 19394704.
5. Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ, van
Dissel JT, European Society of Clinical M, Infectious D. European Society of
Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance
document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Clinical microbiology and
infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1067-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03099.x.
PubMed PMID: 19929973.
6. Feher C, Munez Rubio E,
Merino Amador P, Delgado-Iribarren Garcia-Campero A, Salavert M, Merino E, et
al. The efficacy of fidaxomicin in the treatment of Clostridium difficile
infection in a real-world clinical setting: a Spanish multi-centre
retrospective cohort. European journal of clinical microbiology &
infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical
Microbiology. 2017;36(2):295-303. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2802-x. PubMed PMID:
27718071.
7. Soriano MM, Danziger LH,
Gerding DN, Johnson S. Novel Fidaxomicin Treatment Regimens for Patients With
Multiple Clostridium difficile Infection Recurrences That Are Refractory to
Standard Therapies. Open forum infectious diseases. 2014;1(2):ofu069. doi:
10.1093/ofid/ofu069. PubMed PMID: 25734139; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4281782.
8. Cornely OA, Miller MA,
Louie TJ, Crook DW, Gorbach SL. Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium
difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Clinical infectious
diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of
America. 2012;55 Suppl 2:S154-61. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis462. PubMed PMID:
22752865; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3388030.
9. Johnson S, Gerding DN.
Fidaxomicin "chaser" regimen following vancomycin for patients with
multiple Clostridium difficile recurrences. Clinical infectious diseases : an
official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
2013;56(2):309-10. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis833. PubMed PMID: 23024296.
10. Wilcox MH, Gerding DN,
Poxton IR, Kelly C, Nathan R, Birch T, et al. Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of
Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. The New England journal of medicine.
2017;376(4):305-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602615. PubMed PMID: 28121498.
11. Wilcox M, Dorr MB, Pedley
A. Bezlotoxumab and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. The New England
journal of medicine. 2017;376(16):1594-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1702531. PubMed
PMID: 28423298.
12. Gerding DN, Kelly CP, Rahav G, Lee C,
Dubberke ER, Kumar PN, et al. Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent C. difficile
infection in patients at increased risk for recurrence. Clinical infectious
diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of
America. 2018. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy171. PubMed PMID: 29538686.
13. Lee Y, Lim WI, Bloom CI,
Moore S, Chung E, Marzella N. Bezlotoxumab (Zinplava) for Clostridium Difficile
Infection: The First Monoclonal Antibody Approved to Prevent the Recurrence of
a Bacterial Infection. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary
management. 2017;42(12):735-8. PubMed PMID: 29234211; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC5720485 this article.
14. Prabhu VS, Dubberke ER, Dorr MB, Elbasha
E, Cossrow N, Jiang Y, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Bezlotoxumab Compared With Placebo for
the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. Clinical
infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases
Society of America. 2018;66(3):355-62. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix809. PubMed PMID:
29106516.
15. Bartsch SM, Umscheid CA,
Fishman N, Lee BY. Is fidaxomicin worth the cost? An economic analysis.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious
Diseases Society of America. 2013;57(4):555-61. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit346. PubMed
PMID: 23704121; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3719891.
16. Lam SW, Neuner EA, Fraser
TG, Delgado D, Chalfin DB. Cost-effectiveness of three different strategies for
the treatment of first recurrent Clostridium difficile infection diagnosed in a
community setting. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2018:1-7. doi:
10.1017/ice.2018.139. PubMed PMID: 29961435.
17. Chahine EB, Cho JC, Worley
MV. Bezlotoxumab for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Recurrence. The
Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant
Pharmacists. 2018;33(2):89-97. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2018.89. PubMed PMID:
29409575.
18. Arora V, Kachroo S,
Ghantoji SS, Dupont HL, Garey KW. High Horn's index score predicts poor
outcomes in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. The Journal of
hospital infection. 2011;79(1):23-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.04.027. PubMed
PMID: 21700363.
19. Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF,
Wang L, Baser O, Yu H. Development and Validation of a Risk Score for
Clostridium difficile Infection in Medicare Beneficiaries: A Population-Based
Cohort Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016;64(8):1690-5.
doi: 10.1111/jgs.14236. PubMed PMID: 27295521.
20. Louie TJ, Miller MA,
Mullane KM, Weiss K, Lentnek A, Golan Y, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin
for Clostridium difficile infection. The New England journal of medicine.
2011;364(5):422-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910812. PubMed PMID: 21288078.
21. Hernandez-Garcia R,
Garza-Gonzalez E, Miller M, Arteaga-Muller G, Galvan-de los Santos AM,
Camacho-Ortiz A. Application of the ATLAS score for evaluating the severity of
Clostridium difficile infection in teaching hospitals in Mexico. The Brazilian
journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian
Society of Infectious Diseases. 2015;19(4):399-402. doi:
10.1016/j.bjid.2015.05.005. PubMed PMID: 26117213.
22. Miller MA, Louie T,
Mullane K, Weiss K, Lentnek A, Golan Y, et al. Derivation and validation of a
simple clinical bedside score (ATLAS) for Clostridium difficile infection which
predicts response to therapy. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13:148. doi:
10.1186/1471-2334-13-148. PubMed PMID: 23530807; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC3618004.
23. Jacobson SM, Slain D.
Evaluation of a bedside scoring system for predicting clinical cure and
recurrence of Clostridium difficile infections. American journal of
health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of
Health-System Pharmacists. 2015;72(21):1871-5. doi: 10.2146/ajhp150076. PubMed
PMID: 26490821.
24. Mulherin DW, Hutchison AM,
Thomas GJ, Hansen RA, Childress DT. Concordance of the SHEA-IDSA severity
classification for Clostridium difficile infection and the ATLAS bedside
scoring system in hospitalized adult patients. Infection. 2014;42(6):999-1005.
doi: 10.1007/s15010-014-0671-8. PubMed PMID: 25129565.
25. Laza R, Jurac R, Crisan A,
Lazureanu V, Licker M, Popovici ED, et al. Clostridium difficile in western
Romania: unfavourable outcome predictors in a hospital for infectious diseases.
BMC infectious diseases. 2015;15:141. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-0895-y. PubMed
PMID: 25881288; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4372176.
26. Olsen MA, Yan Y, Reske KA, Zilberberg
MD, Dubberke ER. Recurrent
Clostridium difficile infection is associated with increased mortality.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European
Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2015;21(2):164-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.017. PubMed PMID: 25658560.
27. Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg
WM, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati GK, Dunn JR, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile
infection in the United States. The New England journal of medicine.
2015;372(9):825-34. Epub 2015/02/26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408913. PubMed PMID:
25714160.
28. Bauer MP, Notermans DW,
van Benthem BH, Brazier JS, Wilcox MH, Rupnik M, et al. Clostridium difficile
infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet. 2011;377(9759):63-73.
Epub 2010/11/19. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61266-4. PubMed PMID: 21084111.
29. Morrison RH, Hall NS, Said
M, Rice T, Groff H, Brodine SK, et al. Risk factors associated with
complications and mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious
Diseases Society of America. 2011;53(12):1173-8. Epub 2011/10/07. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir668.
PubMed PMID: 21976459.
30. Kelly CP. Can we identify
patients at high risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection? Clinical
microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society
of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012;18 Suppl 6:21-7. Epub
2012/11/21. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12046. PubMed PMID: 23121551.
31. Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR,
Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the
treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease
severity. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the
Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2007;45(3):302-7. Epub 2007/06/30. doi:
10.1086/519265. PubMed PMID: 17599306.
32. Sheitoyan-Pesant C, Abou
Chakra CN, Pepin J, Marcil-Heguy A, Nault V, Valiquette L. Clinical and
Healthcare Burden of Multiple Recurrences of Clostridium difficile Infection.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious
Diseases Society of America. 2016;62(5):574-80. Epub 2015/11/20. doi:
10.1093/cid/civ958. PubMed PMID: 26582748.
33. Abou Chakra CN, Pepin J,
Sirard S, Valiquette L. Risk factors for recurrence, complications and
mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. PloS one.
2014;9(6):e98400. Epub 2014/06/05. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098400. PubMed
PMID: 24897375; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4045753.
34. Inns T, Gorton R,
Berrington A, Sails A, Lamagni T, Collins J, et al. Effect of ribotype on
all-cause mortality following Clostridium difficile infection. The Journal of
hospital infection. 2013;84(3):235-41. Epub 2013/06/14. doi:
10.1016/j.jhin.2013.04.008. PubMed PMID: 23759667.
35. See I, Mu Y, Cohen J,
Beldavs ZG, Winston LG, Dumyati G, et al. NAP1 strain type predicts outcomes
from Clostridium difficile infection. Clinical infectious diseases : an
official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
2014;58(10):1394-400. Epub 2014/03/08. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu125. PubMed PMID:
24604900; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4697926.
36. Kim S, McClave SA,
Martindale RG, Miller KR, Hurt RT. Hypoalbuminemia and Clinical Outcomes: What
is the Mechanism behind the Relationship? The American surgeon.
2017;83(11):1220-7. PubMed PMID: 29183523.
37. Palau-Davila L,
Garza-Gonzalez E, Gutierrez-Delgado EM, Camacho-Ortiz A. Predictors of severe
outcomes in patients with Clostridium difficile infection from a Hispanic
population. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian
Society of Gastroenterology. 2017;36(1):38-42.
doi: 10.1007/s12664-016-0722-4. PubMed PMID: 27987135.
38. Rotramel A, Poritz LS,
Messaris E, Berg A, Stewart DB. PPI therapy and albumin are better predictors
of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis than choice of antibiotics. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16(12):2267-73. Epub
2012/09/26. doi: 10.1007/s11605-012-2037-9. PubMed PMID: 23007285.